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The eighteenth brumaire of Louis Bonaparte examines the shifting political forces in France between 1848 and 1851, interpreting the events as expressions of deeper class conflicts and historical recurrence. Karl Marx analyzes the conditions that allowed Louis Bonaparte to rise to power through manipulation and alliance with conflicting social interests. The text opens by suggesting that history repeats itself, first as tragedy, then as farce, highlighting the recurrence of political roles under different guises. Through dense critique, Marx addresses the contradictions within the bourgeois republic, the failure of the proletariat to consolidate power, and the fragmentation of opposition. He describes how political factions claimed revolutionary legitimacy while pursuing narrow goals, paving the way for Bonaparte s eventual dominance. Marx presents the figure of Bonaparte not as a mastermind but as a product of instability and illusion, someone who exploits political confusion for personal gain. The early chapters dissect the temporary alliances and betrayals that define post-revolution France, with particular attention to the inability of revolutionary forces to maintain unity. Marx uses this case to reflect on the limitations of political change without class transformation, establishing a critical framework for understanding authoritarian resurgence in democratic settings.
