Contesting election results in sub-Saharan Africa

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This text focuses on presidential elections in sub-Saharan Africa. Apart from general theories and a special focus on the DRC, we discuss the following states: Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Zimbabwe for the Commonwealth; Burundi, Congo-Brazza and Gabon for the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF); Angola and Mozambique for the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries (CPLP). We found that incumbent leaders always tend to stay in power by revising the constitution (60%); contesting presidential election results is often followed by popular violence (80%). Some heads of state are already behaving like dictators at 50% and do not want to leave power. Finally, all this is the consequence of a lack of democratic culture.