The objective of this work was to determine the risk factors of neonatal asphyxia during labor. It is a case control study conducted at the Hospital Zafisaona Gabriel Mahajanga, from January 01 to December 31, 2015. Parturients who delivered a newborn with neonatal asphyxia (cases) were compared with those whose newborn did not have neonatal asphyxia (controls). Seventy-five cases of neonatal asphyxia were collected out of 2067 deliveries, i.e. 3.62% of live births. The risk factors found were: toxic intake (p