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Groundwater, a hidden reservoir beneath the Earth's surface, is a vital lifeline for billions around the world, supporting drinking water supplies and industrial and agricultural production. As a core component of the hydrological cycle, it interacts dynamically with ecosystems, soil, and surface water. The increasing demand for freshwater as a result of population growth and climate change has intensified the need to address groundwater vulnerability. Sources of pollution such as agricultural runoff, industrial wastewater, untreated wastewater, and chemical infiltration threaten water quality by introducing heavy metals, nutrients, and pathogens, endangering human health and ecological balance. These risks have a disproportionate influence on marginalized communities, exacerbating socio-economic disparities. Anthropogenic pressures like urbanization and over-extraction further hinder the sustainability of groundwater and therefore necessitate a comprehensive management framework. Mitigation methods require the adoption of practices to reduce pollution in agriculture and industry and the promotion of public participation in management. Interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers, policymakers, and communities is essential to advance remediation strategies and sustainable governance. This Reprint combines case studies, on-site data, and successful intervention measures to elucidate contamination pathways, evaluate management efficacy, and chart conservation roadmaps. Protecting the integrity of groundwater is crucial for granting fair access to resources and combating escalating challenges to the climate and human life.
