English summary: This little book is pursuing a modest goal: to make people want to read or re-read the original writings of Saussure, to measure the singularity of thought. The discovery in 1996 of unpublished manuscripts has fostered an international think tank which allows current to reassess the status and prospects of language, particularly in its relations with semiotics and cultural studies. Saussure’s researches throw a new light on the relationship between language and thought, signs and cultural objects. Thus they are of general application, interested the scientific design itself. After the crisis of identity of the science of culture, they help design a re-founding project.This book intends to take stock of this new situation to engage the next reflection. French description: Ce petit livre poursuit un but modeste: donner envie de lire ou de relire les ecrits originaux de Saussure, pour mesurer la singularite de sa pensee. La decouverte en 1996 de manuscrits inedits a favorise un courant international de reflexion qui permet de reevaluer le statut et les perspectives de la linguistique, notamment dans ses rapports avec la semiotique et les sciences de la culture. Les recherches de Saussure eclairent d'un jour nouveau les rapports entre le langage et la pensee, les signes et les objets culturels. Ainsi, elles revetent une portee generale, qui interesse la conception de la scientificite elle-meme. Apres la crise d'identite des sciences de la culture, elles aident a concevoir un projet refondateur. Ce livre entend prendre la mesure de cette situation nouvelle pour engager la reflexion a venir.