This work presents an exploration of water rights in the context of growing water scarcity and competition. It uses case studies from across the globe to identify: the range of water rights and basis for claims on the resource; present local experiences in negotiating water rights and discuss opportunities to empower farmers in water resource management. The introductory chapter reviews conceptual frameworks which can help to better manage and understand conflicts over scarce water. The ensuing chapters present cases from Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Indonesia, Burkino Faso, Spain and New Mexico. It concludes with a chapter on implications for research and action. The book recognizes the growing demands on a scarce and essential resource and argues that only negotiated approaches which involve the water users themselves can ensure equitable, efficient and acceptable outcomes. The book aims to be of interest to professionals involved in water resource management, food policy, rural development, irrigation management and property/law rights, as well as agricultural economists and social activists.