Maintaining Apache Identity: Responses to Change Among the Chiricahua and Warm Springs

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History: Cultural and Economic Change.

In 1886, the surviving men, women and children of the Chiricahua and Warm Springs Apaches were exiled from their homeland in Arizona and spent the next 27 years as prisoners of war of the United States in Florida, Alabama and Oklahoma.

This book follows their history from the first treaty they made with the Americans in 1851 to 1960, including this period of detention, with attention to change and persistence in their traditional culture.

About the Author:

After his military service in the Army William Grosvenor Pollard pursued his master’s degree in anthropology at the University of Oklahoma. His second master’s degree in library and information science was of great help in locating documentary sources for this book. In addition, discussions with members of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe who accessed archival material helped to confirm William’s interpretation of change and persistence in the culture of those Apaches.