Three Essays on Religion: Nature, the Utility of Religion, Theism

Published between 1850 and 1870, English social and political philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) offers his most sustained analysis of religious belief. Though not prepared to abandon the idea of an overall design in nature, Mill nonetheless argues that its violence and capriciousness mitigate against moral ends in nature’s workings. Moreover, any designer of such a world as we experience cannot be all powerful and all good, for nature is ‘too clumsily made and capriciously governed’.