The brain is the most complex computational machine known to science, even though its components (neurons) are slow and unreliable compared to a laptop computer. In this richly illustrated book, Shannon’s mathematical theory of information is used to explore the metabolic efficiency of neurons, with special reference to visual perception. Evidence from a diverse range of research papers is used to show how information theory defines absolute limits on neural efficiency; limits which ultimately determine the neuroanatomical microstructure of the eye and brain. Written in an informal style, with a comprehensive glossary, tutorial appendices, explainer boxes, and a list of annotated Further Readings, this book is an ideal introduction to cutting-edge research in neural information theory.