Though many people believe that humanity is doomed to be mired in violence, Kaufman argues that the Judeo-Christian offers a path toward peaceful, harmonious coexistence among humans and between humans and the rest of creation, including animals. The book first analyzes the sources of human violence and scapegoating and then compares insights from the social sciences (particularly the works of Ernest Becker and Rene Girard) to the biblical accounts. In pursuit of self-esteem, humans often find themselves in conflict with each other, which results in crises that threaten to tear communities apart. The solution to these conflicts is to blame one or more scapegoats. But such scapegoating is unjust, and it is only a temporary solution to a recurrent human problem. Further, other crises, such as epidemics, droughts, and natural disasters, and military defeats, encourage scapegoating. Kaufman argues that for Christians the antidote to scapegoating involves adopting the faith of Christ. Despite institutional Christianity’s often tragic history of violence, Kaufman asserts that the Bible supports the notion that God is loving, compassionate, and merciful. Jesus encouraged communities to be bound not by their contempt for scapegoats but by their common bond as beloved children of God. In the final chapter, Kaufman applies the book’s principles to modern social issues, with often surprising results. In particular, Kaufman shows how the rise of humanism has encouraged humans to scapegoat animals rather than other humans. This is not only morally wrong; Kaufman shows that countenancing the victimization of any vulnerable individuals actually puts everyone at risk. If a crisis occurs after scapegoating animals, humans invariably become the next victims, and greater crises lead to a greater number of victims.
