The present research project is focused on carrying out a semiotic analysis, according to Roland Barthes' structural theory, in the novel La ultima pared roja, by Pedro Artieda Santacruz. The main objective of this study is to identify the semiotic, structural and contextual elements that appear in the story. The actancial, functional and narrative levels are used, as well as the denotative and connotative theory proposed by Barthes. The independent variable is the structural semiotic analysis, enriched with the theorems of Vladimir Propp, Julien Greimas, Tzvetan Todorov and Roland Barthes; and the dependent variable is the narrative work La ultima pared roja, by Pedro Artieda, typical of Ecuadorian literature in the 21st century. The theoretical framework explains the dimensions of the actantial analysis, the functions of the story and the narrative points of view; also, the internal and external structure of the work, as well as a biographical sketch of the author of the proposed novel. Finally, a methodology is proposed for recognising the main subject of a narrative work by means of semiotic analysis.