This book presents the molecular basis of therapeutic angiogenesis, pre-clinical animal studies, and clinical studies to date. It places great emphasis on new upcoming findings as well as those already approved including the history of success and failures to provide the reader with a strong overview. Coverage is given to various obstacles that need to be surmounted to make therapeutic angiogenesis a reality. The text delves deeper into the subject matter examining other modalities used to treat patients with refractory angina, including laser and other mechanical myocardial revascularization, spinal cord stimulation and EECP.