This book’s goal is to systematize current knowledge and theory on the role played by specific aspects of context in the aetiology, expression and influence of temperament. The focus is primarily on the psychosocial context because there is only limited evidence available on the behavioural consequences associated with variability in the biological context. It summarizes evidence on issues involving the measurement of the biological context in behavioural research and evidence on diet and temperament. Organized around four approaches dealing with the question of temperament and context, this volume: proposes the hypothesis that temperament and context are unrelated; utilizes a traditional view of the nature of temperament-context relations, namely that temperament acts to influence the nature of the individual’s context; proposes that temperament acts to influence the nature of the individual’s context; illustrates the bi-directional nature of temperament-context relations; and emphasizes the nature of underlying processes whereby individual differences in temperament act to influence individual differences in behavioural/developmental variability.