This text reports the findings of top naturalistic decision making (NDM) researchers. NDM describes the way people use their experience to make decisions in the context of a job or task. Of particular interest to NDM researchers are the effects of high-stake consequences, shifting goals, incomplete information, time pressure, uncertainty, and other conditions that are present in most of today’s work places and that add to the complexity of decision making. Applications of NDM research findings target decision aids and training that help people in their decision-making processes. Included in this volume is a historical perspective on the emergence of this paradigm, recent theoretical and methodological advancements, and a suggestion of future developments. NDM has already had application in areas as diverse as management, aviation, health care, nuclear power, military command and control, corporate teamwork, and manufacturing.