In this work Sander Gilman traces the medicalization of Jewishness in the science and medicine for turn-of-the-century Vienna, and the ways in which Jewish physicians responded to the effort to incorporate racist biological literature into medical practice. Focusing on the new science of psychoanalysis, Gilman looks at the strategic devices Sigmund Freud employed to detach himself from the stigma of being Jewish and shows how Freud’s work in psychoanalysis evolved in response to the biological discourse of the time.