Multilayer Network Science: From Cells to Societies

Networks are convenient mathematical models to represent the structure of complex systems, from cells to societies. In the last decade, multilayer network science - the branch of the field dealing with units interacting in multiple distinct ways, simultaneously - was demonstrated to be an effective modeling and analytical framework for a wide spectrum of empirical systems, from biopolymers networks (such as interactome and metabolomes) to neuronal networks (such as connectomes), from social networks to urban and transportation networks. In this Element, a decade after one of the most seminal papers on this topic, the authors review the most salient features of multilayer network science, covering both theoretical aspects and direct applications to real-world coupled/interdependent systems, from the point of view of multilayer structure, dynamics and function. The authors discuss potential frontiers for this topic and the corresponding challenges in the field for the next future.